Thyroid And Thyroid Cancer?

                           What Is Thyroid?

Its location?

It is located in the neck, in front of the trachea, and it resembles the butterfly that unites its wings, and is reddish brown in color. It consists of two lobes, and it contains special cells located in its lining called cystic cells, and these cells are responsible for the secretion of thyroid hormones (thyroxine and triiodine triodine). This gland is considered an endocrine gland (whose secretions enter directly into the blood without the need for special channels to transport them).

Her job?

Thyroid function is the secretion of the hormone thyroid, which is of two types:

Thyroxine (T4) is considered the main hormone in terms of its quantity.

A hormone called tyronine triode (T3), which is the active hormone in tissues.

The production and excretion of the hormone thyroxin is under the control of the hypothalamic-pituitary-axis axis, as the hypothalamus region of the bed under the brain secretes the hormone released by the thyrotropic releasing hormone (TRH), which acts on the pituitary gland to induce the hormone in turn to stimulate the hormone in turn. Thyroid -Stimulating -Hormone, which stimulates the thyroid gland to produce and release thyroxine. The more thyroxine is in the blood, the more secretion of these hormones increases, and vice versa. If the amount in the blood increases, the secretion of these hormones decreases. This is called Negative Feedback Mechanism, and its task is to maintain the normal level of the hormone in the blood to perform its work to the fullest extent.

Histological structure:

The gland contains 20-30 million follicles, called thyroid follicles, which are surrounded by a simple epithelium consisting mainly of two types of cells: follicular cells, and the cells adjacent to the follicle.

Follicular cells are cells that range in shape from simple to perpendicular and similar in cellular structure to cells that produce, excrete, absorb, or break down proteins; On the basal side, there is a rough intrinsic cytoplasmic network, and the apical side of it contains a Golgi apparatus, some secretory granules, urethra, and sepals, and a nearly circular nucleus located in the middle of the cell. The mitochondria are scattered in the cytoplasm (cytoplasm), and an average number of villi

The cells adjacent to the follicle: They are larger than the previous ones, and may be present between the follicular cells or in their own clusters, which are characterized by a small rough internal endoplasmic network, long capabilities, and a large Golgi apparatus, as well as the presence of secretory granules that contain the hormone; These cells are responsible for the secretion of the hormone (calcitonin).

As for the follicles in general: they differ greatly in size and in the shape of the cells around them. They may range from small to large, and their cells may be squamous, cubic or vertical (the gland is considered deficient in activity when most of its cells are squamous) inside this follicle. There is a gel fluid consisting of a glycoprotein (thyroid globulin) called colloid (or colloidal substance).

This pod is surrounded by a dense network of permeable and vascular vessels that allow a large exchange of substances between the blood and the pod

Manufacture of hormones:

This process goes through a series of stages: making thyroid globulin, blocking (absorbing) iodine from the blood, oxidizing iodine, and then iodizing (adding iodine to) the tyrosine chain in thyroid globulin to produce hormones T4 and T3

Thyroid globulin production

This process is similar to making any protein in the body. Where the process begins with the manufacture of protein in the coarse endoplasmic reticulum, then adding carbohydrates in the endoplasmic reticulum and in the Golgi apparatus, then transported to the apical side of the cell, where it is secreted into the colloidal substance.

Take iodine from the blood

This is by Na / I symporter; Where the sodium takes conjugation and iodine to the inside of the cell, here the amount of gland absorption depends on the concentration of iodine and not on sodium, and therefore the concentration of iodine when it is small will increase the gland to take iodine from the blood (associated with sodium) so that the iodine is the determinant of the amount of absorption and not sodium.

Iodine oxidation and its transfer to colloid

Iodine is oxidized by thyroid peroxide and then transported by the anion transporter named (Pedendrin).

Iodine, tyrosine

Iodization (addition of iodine to) series Thyrosine in the thyroid globulin, and this process is stimulated by the thyroid peroxide to produce mono- and monodioderosin mono- toes, so that their combined form triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4), which become part of the thyroid globulin

Physiological effects of thyroid hormone

Thyroid hormones have many physiological effects:

Thyroid hormones increase the metabolic effectiveness of all body tissues, as the primary metabolism speed increases to 60-100% when hormones are secreted, and the speed of food consumption increases a lot to generate energy and thus increases the speed of protein formation and the speed of its destruction, and children grow to a high degree and intellectual processes are raised. For a person, the activities of most endocrine glands increase. The metabolism of sugar and fat increases, which causes the transmission of hypersensitivity in the event of excessive secretion and vice versa.

Symptoms of a lack of gland secretions

Fatigue, lethargy and fatigue Mental Sagging. Cold intolerance. Feeling of depression or emotional inactivity. Mood swings. Constipation Muscle pain. Dry, scaly, or swollen skin. - Tingling in the fingers or toes. Decreased endurance in sports. Joint pain - Hoarseness. Irregular menstruation. Weight gain despite poor appetite. Dry and brittle hair - weak pulse with swelling in the neck.

The treatment of this condition is very simple, which is to take alternative pills for the hormone produced by the thyroid gland and after that it regains its activity again. These cases are usually treated by an endocrinologist, and these cases rarely need any surgical intervention.

The effect of hypothyroidism on a pregnant woman

If a pregnant woman has hypothyroidism and is not treated during pregnancy, it will have a negative effect and complications on the pregnant woman and the fetus

Complications that occur for pregnant women

Anemia. Pre-Eclampsia. Placental Abruption Placenta Rupture. Post-Partum Haemorrhage. Cardiac Dysfunction. Abortion.

Complications that occur to the fetus

The birth of the fetus before the completion of its development (preterm). Fetal death in the womb, or stillbirth. Poor Neurological Development.

Increased gland secretions

There are two main reasons for increased thyroid secretion:

1)The first of them is a disease called Greve's disease.

2)The second: the occurrence of cysts or tumors.

First, Graves' disease:

It is an initial increase in the function of the gland, and no one knows exactly the main cause of this disease, but there is a belief that the root cause of this disease is an imbalance of the immune system in the body that results in the gland secreting a very large amount of the hormone thyroxine, which is the main hormone produced by the thyroid gland The end result of this imbalance is that the plant burns energy. Symptoms of this condition are: • The patient has eaten a lot of food, and despite that, his weight is decreasing. • It pees a lot. • He behaves nervously. • It develops diarrhea. • This disease also affects the eye, and we notice a prognosis in the eyes. Tachycardia

Second, increased thyroid gland secretion with cysts or swelling:

This type of disease usually does not respond to conservative treatment, and radiotherapy does not always succeed and surgical intervention is the best in treating such cases, and this disease is present in abundance, because this disease usually spreads in areas where iodine is not available or there is a few such as desert areas and areas Mountains in Switzerland or in Central Africa and the spread of disease in coastal areas, but with salt with iodine and eating seafood, such as fish, has helped to reduce these problems significantly.

                     What is Thyroid cancer?

 Thyroid cancer, symptoms and treatment of thyroid cancer

What is thyroid cancer

Syndrome

Causes and risk factors

Multiples

Diagnosis

treatment

protection

Thyroid cancer develops within cells of the thyroid gland, which is a butterfly-like gland in its shape, located at the base of the neck, just below the Adam's apple. The thyroid gland produces hormones that function to regulate heart rate, blood pressure, body temperature and weight.

It is noted, in recent years, that the proportion of people with thyroid cancer is constantly increasing, which, according to the doctors ’opinion, is the result of developing new technologies that enable the discovery of very small cancerous tumors in the thyroid gland that could not be discovered until now. .

Symptoms of thyroid cancer:

Often, symptoms of thyroid cancer do not appear in the early stages of the disease.

But a thyroid cancerous tumor may cause the following symptoms:

A subcutaneous mass can be felt when touching the neck area

Changes in sound, including hoarseness, that worsen constantly

Swallowing problems

Pain in the neck and throat

Swollen lymph nodes in the neck area

Causes and risk factors for thyroid cancer

Thyroid cancer, the real direct cause of thyroid cancer still unknown, is still unknown. Thyroid cancer develops when genetic changes (mutations) occur in thyroid cells.

These mutations enable cells to grow and multiply rapidly. Cells often lose their ability to die, as happens with normal cells. Due to the accumulation of these abnormal cells, a cancerous tumor is formed. The abnormal cells may penetrate into the adjacent tissues, and may even spread throughout the entire body.

Types of thyroid cancer:

Determining the type of cancer will later determine methods of treating thyroid cancer and the potential for recovery. These different types of thyroid cancer include:

Related topics

Cancer Forums

What is the cause of thyroid cancer?

Is surgery required for thyroid cancer?

Cancer metastases detected in computerized tomography tomography

Types and prevalence of kidney cancer

Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma: This is the most common type, accounting for 80% of all thyroid cancer cases. This type may appear at any stage of life, but is usually diagnosed among people between the ages of 30 and 50.

Follicular Thyroid Carcinoma: This type also includes the type of cancer that develops in a specific type of cell called a Hurthle. This cancer is primarily diagnosed in people over the age of 30.

Medullary Thyroid Carcinoma: This type of cancer is classified under the category of types of cancer that develops on the basis of genetic genetic syndromes that lead to the appearance of cancerous tumors in other glands. However, most cases of emerging medullary thyroid carcinoma are not attributable to genetic genetic syndromes.

Anaplastic Thyroid Carcinoma: This type is very rare, very violent and very difficult to treat. This type of cancer is primarily diagnosed in people over the age of 60.

Thyroid lymphoma: this lymphoma begins in the cells of the immune system in the thyroid gland. This type is very rare. It is diagnosed, mainly, by people over the age of 70.

Risk factors

Factors that increase your risk of thyroid cancer include:

Exposure to large quantities of radiation: Among the cases of exposure to a high level of radiation: exposure to radiation as a result of radiation therapy in the neck and head, exposure to radiation as a result of nuclear accidents or tests on nuclear weapons.

Family or personal history: a family or personal history of goiter, which is non-cancerous goiter.

Certain genetic genetic syndromes: Genetic syndromes that increase the risk of thyroid cancer include a family history of medullary thyroid carcinoma, multiple endocrine neoplasia, and polyposis (Adenomatosis).

Complications of thyroid cancer

Despite treatments, thyroid cancer may reappear, even if the thyroid gland is surgically removed. This may happen if microscopic-sized cells spread to other organs and areas of the body before the thyroid gland is removed. Thyroid cancer may reappear after dozens of years of treatment.

Thyroid cancer may reappear in the following places:

In the lymph nodes of the neck

In small pieces of thyroid tissue, which may have remained after the thyroidectomy

In other parts of the body, especially in the lungs or bones, mostly

Recurrent thyroid cancer can be treated. Your doctor may recommend regular blood tests or thyroid scanning to check for signs of cancer returning.

Diagnosed with thyroid cancer

Thyroid cancer diagnostic procedures and checks include:

Physical examination

Blood tests

Biopsy with a needle

Imaging checks

Thyroid cancer treatment

When confirming the diagnosis of thyroid cancer, the appropriate methods of treating thyroid cancer are determined according to the type of disease and its graduation (classification), according to the general health condition and as preferred by the patient.

Surgical treatment of thyroid cancer:

Usually, the vast majority of thyroid cancer patients undergo surgery to remove the entire thyroid gland.